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The introduction of the European Product Standards for pipes and fittings made of ductile cast iron resulted in specifications with respect to the function of flexible, non-restrained joints:
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Congratulations! You have successfully finished this lesson. Next you will have the opportunity to review the newly acquired knowledge with an interactive questionnaire. You can of course still navigate back to any point in the lessons if you wish to review a specific point or subject. Stay curious! |
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Aug 11, 2015 This module provides essential basic knowledge about the historical development of sewage pipes including sealing systems, which is particularly relevant for the rehabilitation of old pipes and sewers; the current status of pipe materials and sealing systems, cross-sectional shapes and dimensions, functional and dimensional requirements for pipes and fittings. After completing this module, you will have a sound knowledge of:
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(Image: Structure of a manhole) Manholes and inspection chambers compose the largest share of the drain and sewer systems structures. The term “manhole” is understood to be a chamber with a removable cover constructed on a drain or sewer to permit entry by personnel. [EN476:2011] [EN752:2017] |
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(Image: Functions of manholes - Accessibility of manholes) Furthermore manholes are classified into:
[EN476:2011] |
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(Image: Functions of manholes - Accessibility of manholes) Manholes that permit entry by personnel Manholes for maintenance and rehabilitation measures that permit entry by personnel must have an internal diameter (ID) ≥ 1,000 mm, those of a rectangular cross section must have a nominal width of 750 mm × 1,200 mm or more, square-cut cross sections must be 1,000 mm × 1,000 mm or more and elliptical cross sections must have a nominal width of 900 mm × … |
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(Image: Functions of manholes - Accessibility of manholes) Manholes that permit entry by personnel only in exceptional cases Manholes that permit access for a cleaning |
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(Image: An inspection chamber is not accessible) (Image: HS®-inspection chamber type 2 with BEGU-cover class B, invert depth of at least 1,430 mm to 2,930 mm at the most, different lengths of rising pipe possible [FI-Funke]) Inspection Chamber Inspection chambers with removable covers and a nominal diameter of less than DN / ID 800 only allow for the insertion of cleaning, inspection and testing equipment, but not access by staff. [EN476:2011] |
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Manholes must meet the following criteria:
(Image: Functions of manholes - Accessibility of manholes) (Image: Requirements on manholes - Safe for traffic) (Image: Functions of manholes - Discharge and transmission of sewage) (Image: … |
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(Image: Functions of manholes - Accessibility of manholes) Shown here are two examples of manholes which are not in the required condition for access by personnel. (Image: Defective (1) or missing (2) step irons) (Image: Too great a distance between the road and the top edge of the first iron step) |
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(Image: Functions of manholes - Discharge and transmission of sewage) Shown here are two examples of manholes which are not in the required condition for the processing of drainage or runoff. (Image: Stagnant sewage in a manhole) (Image: Significant organic and mineral deposits in the manhole) |
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(Image: Requirements on manholes - Leak-tight - Stressing of manhole by external water pressure e.g. with in-situ groundwater) Leaking manhole structures do not meet the established general requirements for manholes. (Image: Infiltrating groundwater) |
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(Image: Requirements on manholes - Load-bearing) The cracking shown in this manhole clearly indicates that it does meet the durability criteria required of a manhole structure. (Image: Cracks in a brickwork manhole) |
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(Image: Requirements on manholes - Safe for traffic) The photo clearly shows the results of a settlement in the area of a manhole, as a result of which the required traffic safety is not guaranteed. (Image: Manhole top raised above street level as a result of settling) |
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(Image: Functions of manholes - Natural ventilation) In many countries as well as in urban regions of Germany, the prevention of odour build-up through manhole aeration and ventilation measures is becoming avoided. Warning: (Image: Manhole cover with ventilation openings) (Image: … |
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Manholes were previously produced using bricks, in-situ concrete, and precast or reinforced concrete. (Image: Construction of a masonry manhole) Bricked manhole (Image: In-situ concrete manhole) In-situ concrete manhole (Image: Installation of a prefabricated manhole of reinforced concrete) Precast manhole |
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Todays manholes are available in almost all material types. Exceptions include steel and cast iron. (Image: Manhole of HD-PE (DN 3000, H = 6000 mm) [FI-Kunstb]) HDPE manhole (DN 3000, H= 6000 mm) (Image: Polymer concrete manhole) Polymer concrete manhole (Image: Concrete manhole base with plastic components) Concrete manhole base with plastic components (Image: Manhole base unit of vitrified clay [FI-Stein]) Vitrified clay manhole bases |
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(Image: Manhole made of prefabricated components) Manhole made of prefabricated components Todays methods of construction primarily involve prefabricated manholes or manhole components. The most important standards and regulations for the different materials used include:
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Since November of 2004, DIN EN 1917 is effective for manholes made of concrete, steel fibre concrete and reinforced concrete. These standards specify that drains and sewers must only be made of prefabricated components of Type 2 that are resistant to a chemically moderately aggressive environment (Exposure class XA2 according to DIN EN 206) and comply with the more stringent requirements of DIN V 4034 with respect to concrete strength and leaktightness. |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components The upper section of a manhole is called a manhole top (Image). It is composed of a (manhole) frame, a dirt pan and a (manhole) cover. (Image: Section of a manhole top with reference to [DINEN124] resp. [DIN19549] [Image: S&P GmbH]) |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Circular prefabricated manhole components of concrete and reinforced concrete (shaft rings) are standardised in the nominal sizes of DN 1,000 DN 1,200 and DN 1,500. For prefabricated manhole components with other cross sectional shapes for special constructions the dimensions and maximally permitted deviations from these dimensions are to be defined in the individual manufacturers’ documentations. In addition, concrete or reinforced concrete pipes … |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components The channel and benching of the manhole base units used in gravity systems are generally produced either monolithically, with the manhole base and wall segment, or subsequently using in place concrete. [DINV4034-1:2004] (Image: Concrete manhole base unit with open channel) If required, the manhole base is lined with a corrosion protection made of e.g. masonry bricks or plastic. (Image: Concrete manhole base unit with open channel made of masonry bricks) |
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Aug 13, 2015 BE-01 Planning: Manholes and Structures Manholes made of pre-cast concrete and reinforced concrete components Corrosion protection variants of the manhole benching and channel in gravity sewers. (Image: Manhole channel with step pocket and benching with screed cover) (Image: Manhole channel and benching with screed cover) (Image: Manhole channel with vitrified clay half shell and benching with clinker brick) (Image: Manhole channel and benching with clinker brick) (Image: Manhole channel and benching with plastic lining) |
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